Question Easy:
A 45-year-old man presents to the clinic with difficulty urinating and a weak urine stream. He reports getting up several times at night to urinate. 😴 What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Urinary tract infection
B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
C) Bladder cancer
D) Chronic kidney disease
E) Diabetes mellitus
Question Medium:
A 60-year-old woman presents with fatigue, itchiness, and swelling in her legs. Her blood tests reveal a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 45 mL/min/1.73 m². Which stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) does this represent?
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3a
D) Stage 3b
E) Stage 4
Question Hard:
A 30-year-old man with a history of recurrent kidney stones presents with severe left flank pain and hematuria. A non-contrast CT scan reveals a 5 mm ureteric stone. According to NICE guidelines, what is the most appropriate initial management option?
A) Immediate surgical removal
B) NSAIDs and fluids
C) Antibiotics
D) Alpha-blockers
E) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Explanations & Answers:
Question Easy Answer: B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Question Easy Explanation: The symptoms of difficulty urinating, weak stream, and nocturia in a middle-aged man are classic for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a common condition characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland, affecting urinary flow.
Question Medium Answer: C) Stage 3a
Question Medium Explanation: Stage 3a chronic kidney disease is defined as an eGFR between 45 and 59 mL/min/1.73 m². The patient’s eGFR of 45 mL/min/1.73 m² places them in stage 3a CKD, indicating moderate renal impairment. According to NICE guidelines, management involves monitoring and addressing cardiovascular risks and potential complications.
Question Hard Answer: B) NSAIDs and fluids
Question Hard Explanation: For a 5 mm ureteric stone, NICE guidelines recommend conservative management with NSAIDs for pain relief and increased fluid intake to facilitate stone passage. This approach is appropriate for stones less than 10 mm in size without signs of severe obstruction or infection.
Medical fact of the day: Did you know that the kidneys receive about 20% of the body’s total blood output despite their small size? This high blood flow is essential for filtering blood, regulating fluid balance, and removing waste products.
Quote of the day: “In every drop of sweat and patience lies the promise of healing and hope.” 🌟